Snow Avalanches

INTRODUCTION
SNOW, AN INTRIGUING, COMPLEX AND CHANGEABLE SOLID
2.1: From ice to snow
2.2: Snow crystals
2.3: From snowfalls to snow layers
2.4: Snow as a granular medium
2.5: Snow as a porous medium: the concept of percolation
BASICS OF DEFORMATION, FRACTURE AND FRICTION PROCESSES
3.1: Deformation of solids
3.2: Fracture initiation and extension
3.3: Griffith's criterion
3.4: The brittle to ductile transition
3.5: Coulomb's law of friction
SLAB AVALANCHE RELEASE: DATA AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS
4.1: Geometry and dynamical characteristics
4.2: Statistical aspects: scale invariance
4.3: The weak layer, starting point for slab avalanche release
4.4: Stability and Bridging indexes
SLAB AVALANCHE MODELING
5.1: Old myths and beliefs to shoot down
5.2: Basis for modeling
5.3: Statistical approach: Playing with cellular
5.4: Sliding or sticking?
5.5: Slab avalanche release in four steps
SUPERFICIAL AND FULL-DEPTH AVALANCHES
6.1: Loose snow avalanches
6.2: Full depth avalanches
6.3: Summary
SNOW AND AVALANCHES IN A CLIMATE WARMING CONTEXT
7.1: Climate change
7.2: Possible consequences on avalanching
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
APPENDIX A
COMPLEXITY AND CRITICAL PHENOMENA
A1: From simple to complex systems
A2: Scale invariance and self-organized criticality
APPENDIX B
MODELING A FLUID TO SOLID PHASE TRANSITION IN SNOW WEAK-LAYERS.
B1: A fluid to solid phase transition in healable granular materials
B2: Application to slab avalanche release
APPENDIX C
STABILITY OF A SINTERED WEAK LAYER DISK SURROUNDED BY A RING-SHAPED FLUID WEAK LAYER ZONE

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• Meteorologia e climatologia
• Física estatística
• Ciências da terra