Multi-Party and Multi-Contract Construction Arbitration

1: Introduction
1.1 General background and research problem
1.2 Scope of the book and existing literature
1.2.1 Scope of the book
1.2.2 Existing literature
1.3 Sources used
1.4 Structure of the book
1.5 Aims and contribution of the book


2: Multi-Party Arbitration in General
2.1 Terminology notes
2.1.1 Definition of multi-party arbitration
2.1.2 Multi-party and multi-contract arbitration: different or similar concepts?
2.2 Procedures leading to multi-party arbitration
2.2.1 Single request for arbitration against multiple parties
2.2.2 Joinder
2.2.3 Intervention
2.2.4 Consolidation
2.3 Advantages of multi-party arbitration
2.3.1 Avoids risk of inconsistent findings
2.3.2 Less time and fewer costs
2.3.3 Fewer factual errors
2.4 Obstacles to multi-party arbitration
2.4.1 Consensual nature of arbitration
2.4.2 The traditional perception of arbitration as a bipartite arbitration
2.4.3 Arbitration as a private and confidential process
2.4.4 Setting aside proceedings and non-recognition and/or non-enforcement of arbitral awards
2.4.5 Practical difficulties
2.5 Alternative procedures where multi-party arbitration is not possible


3: The Need for Multi-Party Arbitration in the Construction Sector
3.1 Specifics of construction disputes and construction arbitration
3.2 Introduction to international standard forms of construction contract
3.2.1 FIDIC forms of contract
3.2.2 NEC
3.2.3 ICC contracts
3.2.4 ENAA model forms
3.2.5 IChemE contracts
3.2.6 PPC International, SPC International, and TPC2005
3.2.7 FAC-1 and TAC-1
3.2.8 Orgalim contracts
3.3 Contractual models in construction projects
3.3.1 Build-only projects
3.3.2 Design-build and turnkey projects
3.3.3 Construction management
3.3.4 EPCM model or management contracting
3.3.5 Design-build-operate ('DBO') model
3.3.6 Partnering and alliancing
3.4 Parties' interests in multi-party arbitration
3.4.1 Employer
3.4.2 Contractor
3.4.3 Subcontractor
3.4.4 Designer
3.4.5 Engineer as contract administrator
3.4.6 Suppliers
3.4.7 Technical consultants
3.4.8 Guarantors
3.4.9 Concluding remarks


4: Multi-Party Arbitration Solutions under Arbitration Rules
4.1 ICC Rules
4.1.1 Multi-contract claims and prima facie assessment
4.1.2 Joinder
4.1.3 Consolidation
4.2 CEPANI Rules
4.2.1 Multiple parties and multi-contract claims
4.2.2 Joinder and intervention
4.2.3 Consolidation
4.3 LCIA Rules
4.3.1 Composite request for arbitration
4.3.2 Consolidation
4.3.3 Joinder
4.4 UNCITRAL Rules
4.5 Swiss Rules
4.5.1 The Court's prima facie test
4.5.2 Consolidation
4.5.3 Joinder and intervention
4.6 Rules adopted by the American Arbitration Association (AAA)
4.6.1 Construction Industry Arbitration Rules (CIAR)
4.6.2 ICDR Rules
4.7 Vienna Rules
4.7.1 Joinder
4.7.2 Consolidation
4.8 DIS Arbitration Rules
4.8.1 The 1998 DIS Arbitration Rules
4.8.2 The 2018 DIS Arbitration Rules
4.9 SCC Rules
4.9.1 Joinder
4.9.2 Claims arising under multiple contracts
4.9.3 Consolidation
4.10 DIA Rules
4.11 Arbitration rules in Asia
4.11.1 CIETAC Rules
4.11.2 SIAC Rules
4.11.3 HKIAC Rules
4.11.4 JCAA Rules
4.11.5 AIAC Arbitration Rules
4.12 Arbitration rules in Africa and the Middle East
4.12.1 DIAC Rules
4.12.2 CRCICA Arbitration Rules
4.13 Concluding remarks regarding arbitration rules


5: Multi-Party Arbitration Solutions under Arbitration Laws
5.1 UNCITRAL Model Law
5.2 The United Kingdom
5.2.1 Multi-party arbitration prior to 1996
5.2.2 Multi-party arbitration under the Arbitration Act 1996 and the Arbitration Act 2025
5.2.3 The authority of state courts to stay litigation in favour of arbitration
5.2.4 Multi-party arbitration under Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010
5.3 France
5.4 Switzerland
5.5 Singapore
5.6 The Netherlands
5.6.1 Consolidation
5.6.2 Joinder and intervention
5.6.3 A request to implead a third party
5.7 Belgium
5.8 New Zealand
5.9 Hong Kong
5.9.1 Consolidation under the 1982 Arbitration Ordinance
5.9.2 Consolidation under the 2011 Arbitration Ordinance
5.10 The UAE
5.11 Canada
5.12 Australia
5.13 Other jurisdictions
5.14 Multi-party arbitration in the United States
5.14.1 Legal framework
5.14.2 US case law on multi-party arbitration
5.15 Should arbitration laws deal with multi-party arbitration?
5.16 Concluding remarks regarding arbitration laws


6: Contractual Solutions to Multi-Party Arbitration
6.1 FIDIC forms of contract
6.1.1 Dispute resolution procedures in the 2011 FIDIC Red Book Subcontract
6.1.2 The alternative dispute resolution procedure in the 2011 FIDIC Red Book Subcontract
6.1.3 Commentary on the alternative clause in the 2011 FIDIC Red Book Subcontract
6.2 Blue Form
6.2.1 Clause 18(2) of the 1984 Blue Form
6.2.2 Use of the Blue Form in conjunction with the FIDIC Conditions of Contract
6.2.3 Commentary on Clause 18(2) of the 1984 Blue Form
6.2.4 Clause 18(8) of the 1991 Blue Form
6.2.5 Clause 18(10) of the 1998 Blue Form
6.2.6 Clause 18C(4) of the 2008 and 2011 Blue Forms and Clause 18D of the 2020 Blue Form
6.3 JCT Contracts
6.3.1 JCT 80 approach to multi-party arbitration
6.3.2 Commentary on the JCT 80 approach
6.3.3 New JCT approach
6.4 ACA standard forms
6.5 NEC Contracts
6.5.1 Main contract provisions
6.5.2 Subcontract provisions
6.5.3 Do the NEC provisions create a self-contained procedure for joint adjudication of related disputes?
6.6 IChemE Contracts
6.7 ICC Contracts
6.8 PPC International, SPC International, and TPC2005
6.9 FAC-1 and TAC-1
6.10 Orgalim Contracts
6.11 ENAA model forms
6.12 AIA standard forms
6.12.1 Multi-party arbitration under the AIA forms prior to 2007
6.12.2 Multi-party arbitration under the 2007 and subsequent editions of the AIA forms
6.13 ConsensusDocs
6.14 Danish standard forms
6.15 Concluding remarks regarding contractual approaches


7: Proposed Solutions
7.1 Jurisdictional approach
7.2 Abstract consensual approach
7.3 Proposed contractual solutions
7.3.1 The IBA Guidelines for Drafting International Arbitration Clauses
7.3.2 AAA Guide to Drafting Alternative Dispute Resolution Clauses for Construction Contracts
7.3.3 Drafting multi-party arbitration clauses
7.3.4 Sample multi-party arbitration clause
7.4 Institutional approach
7.4.1 How to create a self-contained multi-party arbitration procedure under institutional arbitration rules?
7.4.2 Compatibility of arbitration agreements
7.4.3 Other circumstances


8: Conclusion
Appendix 1: Summary of Multi-Party Arbitration Provisions under Arbitration Rules
Appendix 2: Summary of Multi-Party Arbitration Provisions under Arbitration Laws
Appendix 3: Second Alternative Clause of Clause 20 of the 2011 FIDIC Red Book Subcontract
Appendix 4: Multi-Party Arbitration Clauses under the Blue Form
Appendix 5: Multi-Party Arbitration Clauses under the ENAA Model Form-International Contract for Process Plant Construction, 4th edn (2023), and Related Subcontracts
Bibliography
Books
Chapters and other contributions in books
Journal articles
International conventions and arbitration laws
Arbitration rules
Case law
Soft law instruments
Other sources
Index

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• Legislação sobre sociedades
• Arbitragem, mediação e resolução alternativa de litígios
• Direito contratual